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1. File Systems
Command | Usage |
cd | change working directory |
chgrp | change the group of a file or library |
chmod | change the access permission of a file |
chown | change the owner of a file or library |
cp | copy files or directories |
dd | use to block input/output operations on files and performing conversions on them |
df | ("disk free") reports available space and space in use in drives accessible by your system |
du | report the amount of disk space used by a hierarchy of directories |
find | search for files or directories that match a certain criterion, i.e. name, modification time etc |
ln | make a hard link or symbolic link |
ls | list contents of directory |
mkdir | create a new directory |
mv | rename files or move them to other directory |
pwd | print name of working directory |
rm | remove files or directories |
rmdir | remove directories |
touch | create a new empty file or update the modification time of an existing file |
wget | a non-interactive network retriever |
which | show the full path of commands, functions, header files |
2. Binary Files
Command | Usage |
ar | archive maintenance utility; create libraries to be linked to other programs |
nm | list the symbol in an executable, object file or libary |
ranlib | generate an index for an ar format archive; enables faster linking |
size | print the sizes of sections in object files and executable programs |
strings | print the ASCII text strings embedded in binary file |
strip | remove debugging symbols and line number information from files to make file smaller |
wget | Download files using http or ftp URL |
curl | Download files using http or ftp URL |
hexdump | Dump files in hexadecimal numbers and ASCII characters |
Command | Usage |
awk | scan one or more files and perform an action on all of the lines that match a particular conditon |
cat | concatenate files together and send the result to the standard output |
cksum | calculate a CRC checksum for files |
csplit | context based file splitter |
cut | cut out selected fields of each line of a file |
egrep | search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions |
expand | replace the tabs in a file with a specified number of spaces |
fgrep | searched a file for fixed-character string |
fmt | simple text formatters |
fold | wrap files to fit in a specified number of columns |
grep | include also grep,egrep and fgrep; search for patterns matching on lines in a file |
head | print a specified number of lines from the beginning of a file |
indent | formatter for C source code |
join | conditionally merge two files together based on matching fields in the files |
less | a display paginator similar to more and pg in UNIX |
make | update a file based on a series of dependency rules stored in a special format |
md5sum | calculate a "fingerprint" for files using the MD5 algorithm |
more | copy by the screenful |
nl | add line number to files |
od | dump the contents of a file in a number format, including octal,hex and several ASCII format |
patch | apply changes to files |
paste | merge multiple files together into one file by concatenating lines from each file to form one line in the output file |
pr | pring files |
sed | "stream editor" based on the line editor ed; useful for editing streams of data |
sort | sort lines in a file based on fields in the file |
split | cut files into multiple fixed size pieces |
sum | calculate a simple checksum for files |
tail | print a specified number of line from the end of a file |
tr | character translation |
tsort | topological sort |
troff | typeset or format documents | |
unexpand | "unexpand" sequences of a specified number of spaces into tab characters |
uniq | remove duplicate lines from a sorted file |
vi | screen text editor |
vim | improved vi with syntax highlighting for Ch |
wc | count characters, words and/or lines in a file |
5. Shell Utilities
Command | Usage |
basename | echo its argument, a file name, minus any directory name |
date | display date and time of the system |
dirname | print the directory component of file name |
echo | print its argument\\ |
env | used to modify the environment in which a program is run |
expr | evaluate various types of expressions involving arithmetic,relational,logical and string operators |
factor | get all prime factors for a positive integer |
hostname | the name of the local host machine |
id | display the user and group IDs and names |
logname | display the user's login name |
pathchk | check path names |
printenv | ouput the environment under which a command will execute |
sh | the Bourne shell |
sleep | stop all actions in a shell for a specified period of time |
tee | copy its standard input to files named on the command line and also to standard output |
uname | display information about computer system; set node name (system name) |
whoami | display the login name |
xargs | construct argument lists and invoke utility |